When cancer treatments cause skin and nail problems, there are creams and lotions that can help your skin to feel better.
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Cancer treatments may cause skin and nail changes. Talk with your health care team to learn what side effects your treatment may cause. While skin problems caused by radiation therapy and chemotherapy are often mild, they may be more severe if you are receiving a stem cell transplant, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Let your health care team know if you notice any skin changes so they can be treated promptly.
Sometimes radiation therapy can cause the skin on the part of your body receiving radiation to become dry and peel, itch (called pruritus), and turn red or darker. Your skin may look sunburned or become swollen or puffy. You may develop sores that become painful, wet, and infected. This is called a moist reaction.
Some types of chemotherapy can cause your skin to become dry, itchy, red or darker, or peel. You may develop a minor rash or sunburn easily; this is called photosensitivity. Some people also have skin pigmentation changes. Your nails may be dark and cracked, and your cuticles may hurt. If you received radiation therapy in the past, the area of skin where you received radiation may become red, blister, peel, or hurt. This is called radiation recall. Signs of an allergic response to chemotherapy may include a sudden or severe rash or hives or a burning sensation.
Some types of immunotherapy can cause a severe and sometimes extensive rash. Your skin may be dry or blister.
Some types of targeted therapy may cause dry skin, a rash, and nail problems. If you develop a rash, it is important to talk with your doctor before stopping targeted therapy.
Ask Your Health Care Team about Skin and Nail Changes
What skin and nail changes might I have, based on the cancer treatment I am receiving?
Which symptoms can be managed at home? Which symptoms need urgent medical care?
If you have a severe, extensive, blistering, or painful rash and are receiving immunotherapy, call your doctor to get their advice. It’s especially important to call about rashes that involve the eyes or a mucous membrane, such as your mouth, caused by immunotherapy.
Make note of all problems you should call your health care team about.
Ways to prevent or manage mild skin and nail changes during cancer treatment
Talk with your health care team to learn if you should manage these problems at home. Depending upon the treatment you are receiving, your health care team may advise you to take these steps:
Use only recommended skin products. Use mild soaps that are gentle on your skin. Ask your nurse to recommend specific skin products. If you are receiving radiation therapy, ask about skin products, such as powder or antiperspirant, that you should avoid using before treatment.
Prevent infection. Radiation therapy can cause skin in the treatment area to peel, become painful, and wet. Most often this happens in areas where the skin folds, such as around your ears, breast, or bottom. Try to keep the area clean and dry so it does not become infected. Your nurse will talk with you about how to clean the area and may prescribe special dressings that you can apply to the area and/or antibiotics.
Moisturize your skin. Use recommended creams or lotions to prevent your skin from becoming dry and itchy. Irritated skin can become infected. Ask about special creams or ointments for severely dry, itchy, or painful skin.
Protect your skin. Use sunscreen and sun-protective lip balm. Wear a loose-fitting long-sleeved shirt, pants, and a hat with a wide brim when outdoors to prevent sunburn. If you are receiving radiation therapy, don’t use heating pads, ice packs, or bandages on the treatment area. You may want to shave less often and use an electric razor or stop shaving if your skin is tender and sore.
Prevent or treat dry, itchy skin. Avoid products that list alcohol or fragrance as an ingredient, since they can dry or irritate your skin. Your nurse may suggest you add colloidal oatmeal to your baths, as it can reduce itching. Take short showers or baths in lukewarm, not hot, water. Put on skin cream or ointment that is recommended by your nurse after drying off from a shower but while your skin is still a little damp. Apply a cool washcloth or ice to dry, itchy skin.
Prevent or treat minor nail problems. Keep your nails clean and cut short to avoid accidentally tearing them. Protect your hands and nails by wearing gloves when you wash the dishes, or clean the house, for example. Avoid getting manicures and pedicures. Don’t wear tight-fitting shoes. Ask your nurse to recommend products that can be used to treat nail problems.
Learn about treatments for irritating or painful skin rashes. Sometimes skin problems need medical treatment. Your rash may be treated with a medicated cream (topical corticosteroids) or with medicine that you take as a pill (oral corticosteroids or antibiotics).
Talking with your health care team about skin and nail changes
Prepare for your visit by making a list of questions to ask. Consider adding these questions to your list:
What skin-and nail related side effects are common for the type of treatment I’m receiving?
Are there steps I can take to prevent any of these problems?
What problems should I call you about? Are there any problems that need urgent medical care?
When might these problems start? How long might they last?
What brands of soap and lotion would you advise me to use on my skin? On my nails?
Are there skin and nail products I should avoid?
Should I see a dermatologist so I can learn more about how to prevent or manage skin problems?
Narrator: What to do about mild skin changes during radiation therapy.
Let’s listen to what Dr. Ross has to say about caring for your skin on the part of your body being treated.
Dr. Ross: Some people find their skin gets sore, dry, or a little itchy during radiation therapy. Take these 3 steps to help your skin feel better during treatment.
First, treat your skin gently.
Talk with your doctor before using any products on your skin, such as lotions, creams, or deodorants. Ask about the best time to use skin products. Some should not be used for several hours before treatment.
Also, don’t use heating pads, ice packs, or bandages in the area where you are getting treated. And stay away from tanning beds.
Second, protect your skin.
Pick comfortable clothes. It may help to wear clothes that are loose and made of cotton.
Going outside? Make sure your clothing covers your skin on the part of your body being treated.
If your skin hurts in the area being treated, let your doctor know. You might have what is called a “moist reaction.” Most often this happens in areas where the skin folds, such as behind the ear or under the breast. It can lead to an infection if not treated.
Finally, keep showers and baths short.
Always use warm, not hot, water. You’ll want to use soap without any fragrance, so look for the word “unscented” on the label.
Narrator Summary: Let’s review Dr. Ross’s hints to help you avoid mild skin problems.
Talk with your doctor or nurse about what skin products you can use. Avoid using heating pads, ice packs, or bandages in the area where you are getting radiation therapy.
Wear loose clothing made of cotton. And make sure to cover the skin in your treatment area when you go outside.
Watch out for a moist reaction, which may happen if your skin stays damp or wet in areas where the skin folds. Call your doctor or nurse if you notice any changes.
Whether bathing or showering, make sure the water is warm, not hot. And use unscented soap.
Lastly, talk with your doctor or nurse to learn more about how to best care for your skin during treatment.
For urinary and bladder problems caused by cancer treatments, drink plenty of water. Ask your doctor what symptoms to call about—such as fever or pain, for example.
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Some cancer treatments, such as those listed below, may cause urinary and bladder problems:
Radiation therapy to the pelvis (including reproductive organs, the bladder, colon and rectum) can irritate the bladder and urinary tract. These problems often start several weeks after radiation therapy begins and go away several weeks after treatment has been completed.
Talk with your doctor or nurse to learn what symptoms you may experience and ask which ones to call about. Some urinary or bladder changes may be normal, such as changes to the color or smell of your urine caused by some types of chemotherapy. Your health care team will determine what is causing your symptoms and will advise on steps to take to feel better.
In people being treated for cancer, a UTI can turn into a serious condition that needs immediate medical care. Antibiotics will be prescribed if you have a bacterial infection.
Here are some steps you may be advised to take to feel better and to prevent problems:
Drink plenty of liquids. Most people need to drink at least 8 cups of fluid each day, so that urine is light yellow or clear. You’ll want to stay away from things that can make bladder problems worse. These include caffeine, drinks with alcohol, spicy foods, and tobacco products.
Prevent urinary tract infections. Your doctor or nurse will talk with you about ways to lower your chances of getting a urinary tract infection. These may include going to the bathroom often, wearing cotton underwear and loose fitting pants, learning about safe and sanitary practices for catheterization, taking showers instead of baths, and checking with your nurse before using products such as creams or lotions near your genital area.
Talking with your health care team
Prepare for your visit by making a list of questions to ask. Consider adding these questions to your list:
What symptoms or problems should I call you about?
What steps can I take to feel better?
How much should I drink each day? What liquids are best for me?
Are there certain drinks or foods that I should avoid?
Narrator: What to do about changes when you urinate caused by radiation therapy.
Having problems when you urinate? Listen to solutions from other people undergoing radiation therapy. Also, hear advice from Dr. Ross. Then talk with your own doctor or nurse to learn more.
Miguel: Tip number 1: Drink lots of liquids each day. It’s good for your urine to be clear or a pale yellow color. My doctor says that tells you you’re getting enough liquids. Most people find drinking about 8 cups of liquid a day does the trick. Of course, check to make sure that’s the best amount for you, too.
Cara: Tip number 2: Water is wonderful, but you may want more zip in your sip. I like water, but found it was hard to get enough water each day. I was glad to learn that Jell-O and soups also count as liquids. To add some zip to what I drink, I have water with a little lemon and watered-down juices.
Rodney: Tip number 3: Lose the booze. My doctor told me that wine, liquor, or even beer could really bother my bladder. So now I limit these liquids. Some people may need to stay away from wine, liquor, and beer altogether to avoid irritating their bladder.
My doctor also told me to stay away from caffeine in coffee, colas, or teas. They could make my bladder problems worse. I now choose flavored decaf coffees and tasty herbal teas.
Dr. Ross: Hi, I’m Dr. Ross and you just heard 3 great tips to keep bladder problems under control.
Miguel offered that drinking 6 to 8 glasses of water will keep your urine the clear or pale yellow color it should be. He mentioned checking with your doctor first to make sure that this is the best amount for you. That’s a good idea.
Cara suggested that in addition to drinking water, you might want to try soups, Jell-O, or watered-down juices to get in all your liquids each day.
And Rodney said to limit or stay away from wine, liquor, and beer since these fluids can irritate the bladder. He’s also trying to stay away from caffeine in coffee, colas, and teas, which could make his bladder problems worse. All good tips.
I want to end with information about when to call your doctor if you’re having bladder problems. Always get in touch with your doctor if you see a reddish color in your urine. This could mean blood in the urine.
Let your doctor know if you feel burning or cramping or if you have any pain. Those could be signs of an infection. Tell your doctor if you feel like you have to urinate right away. And call if you feel you can’t get all the urine out or if the urine leaks from your bladder when you sneeze or cough.
Your health care team wants to work with you to help you manage any bladder side effects. So talk with them. There may be medicines or exercises to help with some of these problems. And the good news is that most bladder problems go away after treatment.
People going through treatment for cancer may have changes in their sleep patterns or difficulty sleeping. Tell your nurse about any difficulties you are having, so you can get the help you need to sleep better at night.
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What sleep problems are common in people being treated for cancer?
Sleep problems such as being unable to fall asleep and/or stay asleep, also called insomnia, are common among people being treated for cancer.
What causes sleep problems?
Sleep problems may be caused by the side effects of treatment, medicines you are taking, long hospital stays, stress, and other factors. Studies show that as many as half of all people have sleep-related problems during treatment for cancer.
How are sleep problems assessed?
Your doctor, or a sleep specialist, can do an assessment, which may include a polysomnogram (recordings taken during sleep that show brain waves, breathing rate, and other activities such as heart rate) to correctly diagnose and treat sleep problems. Assessments may be repeated from time to time, since sleeping problems may change over time. Learn more about when a sleep study may be useful, what to expect, and what your doctor may recommend after a sleep study.
Why is a good night’s sleep important?
Sleeping well is important for your physical and mental health. A good night’s sleep may help you to think more clearly, lower your blood pressure, help your appetite, and strengthen your immune system. Sleep problems that go on for a long time may increase the risk of anxiety or depression.
Ways to manage sleep problems
Talk with your health care team if you have difficulty sleeping, so you can get the help you need. There are steps that you and your health care team can take to help you sleep well again.
Tell your doctor about problems that interfere with sleep. Getting treatment to lower problems such as pain or other side effects such as urinary and bladder problems, or diarrhea, may help you sleep better.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and relaxation therapy may help. Practicing these therapies can help you to relax. For example, a CBT therapist can help you learn to change negative thoughts and beliefs about sleep into positive ones. Strategies such as muscle relaxation, guided imagery, and self-hypnosis may also help you.
Set good bedtime habits. Go to bed only when sleepy, in a quiet and dark room, and in a comfortable bed. If you do not fall asleep, get out of bed and return to bed when you are sleepy. Stop watching television or using other electrical devices a couple of hours before going to bed. Don’t drink or eat a lot before bedtime. While it’s important to keep active during the day with regular exercise, exercising a few hours before bedtime may make sleep more difficult.
Sleep medicine may be prescribed. Your doctor may prescribe sleep medicine, for a short period if other strategies don’t work. The sleep medicine prescribed will depend on your specific problem (such as trouble falling asleep or trouble staying asleep) as well as other medicines you are taking.
Talking with your health care team about sleep problems
Prepare for your visit by making a list of questions to ask. Consider adding these questions to your list:
Why am I having trouble sleeping?
What problems should I call you about?
What steps can I take to sleep better?
Would you recommend a sleep therapist who could help with the problems I am having?
Talk with your doctor to learn what to expect and how to manage changes that may affect your sexual life.
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Men being treated for cancer may experience changes that affect their sexual life during, and sometimes after, treatment. While you may not have the energy or interest in sexual activity that you did before treatment, being intimate with and feeling close to your spouse or partner is probably still important.
Your doctor or nurse may talk with you about how cancer treatment might affect your sexual life or you may need to be proactive and ask questions such as: What sexual changes or problems are common among men receiving this type of treatment? What methods of birth control or protection are recommended during treatment?
Other questions to consider asking are listed at the end of this page. For more information about how treatment may affect your fertility, see Fertility Issues in Boys and Men.
Whether or not you’ll have problems that affect your sexual health depends on factors such as:
the amount of time that has passed since treatment
other personal health factors
Cancer treatments may cause sexual problems in men
Many problems that affect a man’s sexual activity during treatment are temporary and improve once treatment has ended. Other side effects may be long term or may start after treatment.
Your doctor will talk with you about side effects you may have based on your treatment(s):
Chemotherapy may lower your testosterone levels and libido during the treatment period. You may be advised to use a condom, because semen may contain traces of chemotherapy for a period of time after treatment. Chemotherapy does not usually affect your ability to have an erection.
People on your health care team have helped others cope during this difficult time and can offer valuable suggestions. You may also want to talk with a sexual health expert to get answers to any questions or concerns.
Most men can be sexually active during treatment, but you’ll want to confirm this with your doctor. For example, there may be times during treatment when you are at increased risk of infection or bleeding and may be advised to abstain from sexual activity. Depending on the type of treatment you are receiving, condom use may be advised.
Your health care team can help you:
Learn about treatments: Based on symptoms you are having, your oncologist or a urologist will advise you on treatment options. For example, there are medicines and devices that may be prescribed once a sexual health problem has been diagnosed. Medicines can be given to increase blood flow to the penis. There are also surgical procedures in which a firm rod or inflatable device (penile implant) is placed in the penis, making it possible to get and keep an erection.
Learn about condoms and/or contraceptives: Condoms may be advised to prevent your partner’s exposure to chemotherapy drugs that may remain in semen. Based on your partner’s age, contraception may be advised to prevent pregnancy. For more information, see Fertility Issues in Boys and Men.
Manage related side effects: Talk with your doctor or nurse about problems such as pain, fatigue, hair loss, loss of interest in activities, sadness, or trouble sleeping, that may affect your sex life. Speaking up about side effects can help you get the treatment and support you need to feel better.
Get support and counseling: During this time, it will help to share your feelings and concerns with people you are close to. You may also benefit from participating in a professionally moderated or led support group. Your nurse or social worker can recommend support groups and counselors in your area.
Talking with your health care team about sexual health issues
As you think about the changes that treatment has brought into your life, make a list of questions to ask your doctor, nurse, or social worker. Consider adding these to your list:
What sexual problems are common among men receiving this treatment?
What sexual problems might I have during treatment?
When might these changes occur?
How long might these problems last? Will any of these problems be permanent?
How can these problems be prevented, treated, or managed?
What precautions do I need to take during treatment? For example, do I need to use a condom to protect my partner?
Should my partners and I use contraception to avoid a pregnancy? What types of contraception (birth control) do you recommend?
Is there a support group that you recommend?
What specialist(s) would you suggest that that I talk with to learn more?
What Men Can Do About Changes in Sexuality and Fertility
Narrator: What men can do about changes in sexuality and fertility caused by radiation therapy.
Wondering how getting radiation therapy might impact your sex life? All men can listen to this track to learn about possible changes in sexuality. For men getting radiation therapy to the pelvic area, such as the testes or prostate, Dr. Ross will also talk about changes in fertility. Let’s listen in now.
Dr. Ross: I’d like to open up with some general information about sexuality that may be helpful to all men getting radiation therapy.
One of the most common questions I get from men is “Can I have sex during radiation therapy?” The good news is most men can continue to have sex during their treatment. However, it’s best to check with your doctor to make sure it’s okay for you.
Others ask, “Is it normal to have a low sex drive during radiation therapy?” And the answer is also yes. So, while you may be physically able to have sex, you may just not feel like it. Guys, be easy on yourselves. You may be very tired, worried, or in pain from the treatment.
There are many steps you can take to stay close with your partner, other than having intercourse. You can figure out together what kind of touching feels good, such as holding, hugging, and cuddling. You can also stay close without being physical. Many couples bond by listening to music together or taking walks and holding hands.
Now for questions from men who are getting radiation therapy to the pelvis.
They often ask me what changes they might have after radiation therapy. Of course, this varies from person to person and depends on the type of cancer being treated. Here’s what we know:
Many men don’t have problems having sex after radiation therapy. For other men, radiation therapy can make it more difficult to get or keep an erection. These changes can happen slowly, after completing radiation therapy. Talk with your doctor or nurse to learn what you should expect.
I also receive questions from men getting radiation to the pelvis about whether or not they can have children in the future. I tell them that it’s important to talk with their doctor. There are things you can do now to plan for children later. Your doctor can talk with you about sperm banking or refer you to a fertility specialist.
We’ve covered a lot of information, so let’s go over the main points:
First, while it depends on the type of cancer you have, it is likely that you can continue having sex during treatment. However, some men find that they have low sex drive during this time.
For men getting radiation to the pelvis, some may find it difficult to get or keep an erection. These changes can happen slowly after completing radiation therapy.
Some men receiving radiation therapy to the pelvis are still able to make a woman pregnant—but some are not. So if you are getting radiation to the pelvis and would like to have children later on, talk with your doctor before you start treatment. Your doctor can help you learn about what you can do now or refer you to a fertility specialist. Some men place their sperm in a sperm bank to use later.
Lastly, the best advice I can give you is to learn about all your treatment options. Ask about any side effects. And keep talking with your partner and your doctor as issues or questions come up.
Taking pain medicine is an important part of your cancer treatment plan.
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Having cancer doesn’t mean that you’ll have pain. But if you do, pain can usually be controlled with pain medicine and non-drug approaches. Pain may be caused by cancer or cancer treatment. The information on this page will help you talk with your doctor to develop a pain management strategy to relieve your pain.
Key facts about pain for people with cancer
Controlling pain is an important part of your cancer treatment plan. You may have pain that feels more intense at times than others. Therefore, sometimes you may need stronger medicines or different approaches to control the pain.
Your doctor will develop a pain control plan that is unique to you, based on your symptoms and what is causing the pain.
Tell your health care team how the plan to control pain is working. Trying to “deal with” the pain can make it harder to control in the future.
Effectively treating pain can make a big difference in your everyday life, as well as improve your mood, help you sleep better, and give you energy.
Common types of pain in people with cancer
Acute pain, which may feel sharp and come on quickly. It often lasts for only a short time.
Breakthrough pain, which may come on suddenly, is pain that may occur while you are taking medicine to manage chronic pain. It usually lasts for a short time and may be intense. Breakthrough pain may happen even when you’re taking the correct amount of pain medicine, if the current medicine is wearing off, for example.
Chronic pain, also called persistent pain, is pain that usually lasts more than three months. It may be mild or severe. Chronic pain may come and go or be constant. Chronic pain levels may also stay the same, or get worse, over time.
Causes of cancer-related pain
There are different causes of pain in people being treated for cancer. Sometimes cancer is the cause of your pain. This may happen if a tumor presses on nerves or other parts of your body. Some cancer treatments or tests cause pain, such as surgery or bone marrow aspiration. Another cause of pain may be the side effects of cancer treatment, such as mouth sores, peripheral neuropathy, or skin reactions.
Specialists who treat people with pain
Some hospitals have pain specialists. These specialists often work together as a team to treat pain. Your pain control team may be led by your doctor or a palliative care specialist. Other specialists on the team may include experts such as a nurse, an acupuncturist, a pharmacist, a surgeon, a psychiatrist or a psychologist.
Developing a pain control plan
Based on your description of the pain, your symptoms, a physical exam, and sometimes imaging tests, your doctor will develop a plan to control your pain. This plan usually includes pain control medicine and may include other practices such as those listed in the integrative medicine section below.
Describing your pain: When you talk with your doctor or nurse, be as specific as you can about the pain. Your health care team may ask you questions like these to better understand and treat your pain:
When does the pain start? How long does the pain last?
How bad is the pain, on a scale of 1 to 10, where “10” is the most pain and “1” the least?
What helps to lower the pain or make it go away?
What makes the pain get worse?
Does the pain interfere with eating, sleeping, exercise, or other daily activities?
How does pain affect your mood and mental health?
Ask your nurse how to track pain-related information. Some people write down their levels of pain and the medicine they took for it, in a notebook. Others may get a chart from their nurse or use a pain app on their phone.
Getting a pain control plan that works for you: Once a pain control plan has been developed, your health care team will talk with you about whether your pain is going down. They may ask you questions:
Is your pain medicine helping to lower the pain?
How much medicine do you take?
When and how often do you take it?
Is the pain medicine causing side effects that are bothering you?
Based on your answers to these questions, your doctor may change the type or amount of pain medicine and make other suggestions.
When to call your doctor: Contact your doctor or nurse if you feel new pain, if your pain isn’t decreasing or going away with pain medicine, or if you have side effects from the pain medicine. Pain is not something that you have to “put up with.” Ask your doctor about any other times you should call.
Taking your pain control medicine
Different types of pain medicine (also called painkillers, pain relievers, and analgesics) are used to control pain. Your doctor will explain what medicine is recommended for you, when to take it, and exactly how much to take (dose) at one time. It’s also important to learn about side effects and how to manage them.
Types of pain medicine
These different types of medicine may be used to control pain:
Take the prescribed amount of medicine, at the scheduled time. If you aren’t sure exactly when to take your pain medicine, ask your doctor.
Don’t wait until your pain gets bad before taking pain medicine. If you wait to take your medicine, the pain may take longer to go away, or you may need to take more medicine. The best way to control pain is to stop it from starting or keep it from getting worse.
Tell your doctor if the medicine is not working. The type of pain medicine or the amount you are taking may need to be changed.
Never stop taking your pain medicine without first talking to your doctor. Taking less pain medicine than your doctor has prescribed or stopping the medication abruptly could cause a condition called withdrawal. Symptoms of withdrawal may include anxiety, sweating, nausea, and vomiting.
Sometimes your body gets used to a medicine and it no longer works as it first did. This is called drug tolerance. Either more medicine or a different type of medicine may be prescribed.
Side effects of pain control medicines
It’s important to ask about side effects that pain medicine may cause so you know what to expect and how to manage them. Common side effects of pain medicine include constipation, drowsiness, nausea, or vomiting. Some of these may go away as your body gets used to the pain medicine. Talk with your doctor to learn about any reactions you should seek emergency medical care for or call about.
What to know about drug tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction
People with cancer often need to take strong pain medicine, such as opioids. Ask your health care team about drug tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction, especially if you were prescribed opioids to control pain.
Drug tolerance is a condition that happens when your body gets used to medicine. Some people with cancer pain stop getting pain relief from pain medicine over time. If drug tolerance happens, your doctor may increase the dose or prescribe a different pain medicine.
Physical dependence is a condition in which a person takes a drug over time and has unpleasant physical symptoms if the drug is suddenly stopped, or the dose is significantly reduced. It happens when the body gets used to a certain level of the medicine. Physical dependence can happen with the chronic use of a drug, even when taken as instructed.
Addiction involves compulsive drug seeking behavior and the inability to stop taking the drug, despite harmful consequences—such as not meeting important family, work, or social obligations. Know that addiction can happen to anyone, regardless of age, race, or income levels.
It’s common for people with cancer to worry about becoming addicted to pain medicines. Know that needing a higher dose of pain medicine or having symptoms when the dose is decreased or stopped is not the same as addiction. Your doctor will carefully prescribe your pain medicine and monitor you, so that your pain is safely treated. Each person’s pain control plan is tailored to them. Most people with cancer who take strong pain medicine, such as opioids, use them safely and effectively.
Complementary and integrative medicine practices to manage pain
In addition to prescribing medicine to manage pain, your health care team may suggest other practices. These non-drug practices are often called complementary medicine, integrative medicine, and whole person health. Some examples of natural pain relief include:
Acupuncture is the technique of inserting very thin needles about the thickness of a hair into specific points on your body. It can help to relieve discomfort and pain. Learn about acupuncture.
Biofeedback is a technique that helps you learn how to control functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and muscle tension to reduce pain. Learn about biofeedback-assisted relaxation.
Distraction is a technique that can help you take your attention away from the pain by focusing on something else, such as listening to music, walking outside, or watching a movie.
Guided imagery, also called visualization, is a technique in which you focus on positive scenes, pictures, or experiences to lower pain. Learn about guided imagery.
Hypnosis is a trance-like state of deep relaxation that can be used to relieve pain. Learn about hypnosis.
These and other integrative medicine practices are available in communities and hospitals. There are also online programs. Ask your health care team to suggest the best options for you.
Questions to ask doctors about pain
What symptoms should I call you about?
What symptoms should I go to the emergency room for?
Which medicine(s) do you recommend for me?
What side effects may I have from the pain medicine?
If the pain doesn’t go away, can I take more pain medicine or take it more frequently?
If so, how much and how often can I take the pain medicine?
Is there a pain specialist that you could refer me to for more information?
Are there approaches other than or in addition to pain medication that may help my pain?
NCI’s Cancer Pain PDQ summary has in-depth information on managing and treating cancer-associated pain. View the patient or health professional version.
Talk with your doctor to learn what to expect and how to manage changes that may affect your sexual life.
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Women being treated for cancer may experience changes that affect their sexual life during, and sometimes after, treatment. While you may not have the energy or interest in sexual activity that you did before treatment, feeling close to and being intimate with your spouse or partner is probably still important.
Your doctor or nurse may talk with you about how cancer treatment might affect your sexual life, or you may need to be proactive and ask questions such as: What sexual changes or problems are common among women receiving this type of treatment? What methods of birth control or contraception are recommended during treatment?
Other questions to consider asking are listed at the end of this page. For more information about how treatment may affect your fertility, see Fertility Issues in Girls and Women.
Whether or not your sexual health will be affected by treatment depends on factors such as:
the amount of time that has passed since treatment
other personal health factors
Cancer treatments may cause sexual problems in women
Some problems that affect a woman’s sexual health during treatment are temporary and improve once treatment has ended. Other side effects may be long term or may start after treatment. Your doctor will talk with you about side effects you may have based on your treatment(s):
Chemotherapy can lower estrogen levels and cause primary ovarian insufficiency. This means the ovaries aren’t producing hormones and releasing eggs. Symptoms may include hot flashes, irregular or no periods, and vaginal dryness, which can make sexual intercourse difficult or painful. Chemotherapy can also affect vaginal tissue, which may cause sores.
Surgery for gynecologic cancers may affect your sexual life. Treatment for other cancers can also bring about physical changes that may affect the way you view your body. Your health care team will talk with you about what to expect and teach you how to adjust after surgery, such as after a mastectomy or an ostomy, for example.
People on your health care team have helped others to cope during this difficult time and can offer valuable suggestions. You may also want to talk with a sexual health expert to get answers to any questions or concerns.
Most women can be sexually active during treatment, but you’ll want to confirm this with your doctor. For example, there may be times during treatment when you are at increased risk of infection or bleeding and may be advised to abstain from sexual intercourse.
Your health care team can help you:
Learn about medicine and exercises to make sex more comfortable, including:
vaginal gels or creams to stop a dry, itchy, or burning feeling
vaginal lubricants or moisturizers
vaginal estrogen cream that may be appropriate for some types of cancer
exercises for pelvic muscles to lower pain, improve bladder retention, improve bowel function, and increase the flow of blood to the area, which can improve your sexual health
Manage related side effects: Talk with your doctor or nurse about problems such as pain, fatigue, hair loss, loss of interest in activities, sadness, or trouble sleeping, that may affect your sex life. Speaking up about side effects can help you get the treatment and support you need to feel better.
Learn about condoms and/or contraceptives: Condoms may be advised to prevent your partner’s exposure to some types of chemotherapy that may remain in vaginal secretions. If you are of childbearing age, contraceptives may be advised to prevent pregnancy while you are receiving treatment and for a period of time following treatment. For more information, see Fertility Issues in Girls and Women.
Get support and counseling: During this time, you can gain strength and support by sharing your concerns with people you are close to. You may also benefit from participating in a professionally moderated or led support group. Your nurse or social worker can recommend support groups and counselors in your area.
Talking with your health care team about sexual health issues
As you think about the changes that treatment has brought into your life, make a list of questions to discuss with your doctor, nurse, or social worker. Consider adding these to your list:
What sexual problems are common among women receiving this treatment?
What sexual problems might I have during treatment?
When might these changes occur?
How long might these problems last? Will any of these problems be permanent?
How can these problems be prevented, treated, or managed?
What specialist(s) would you suggest that I talk with to learn more?
Are there support groups in this area that you recommend?
What method(s) of birth control are advised?
What precautions do I need to take during treatment? For example, should my partner use a condom? Are there times when I should avoid sexual activity?
What Women Can Do About Changes in Sexuality and Fertility
Narrator: What women can do about changes in sexuality and fertility caused by radiation therapy.
You may be wondering if radiation therapy could affect your sex life. Let’s listen to a discussion between Dr. Williams and women in a support group as they talk first about sexuality issues that relate to all women getting radiation therapy. And then to questions from women receiving radiation therapy to the pelvic area – such as to the vagina, uterus, or ovaries – about fertility issues. Let’s listen in on their discussion.
Gina: Dr. Williams, I’m Gina. My husband and I had a pretty active sex life before I started treatment. Now, I’m just not in the mood. Is this normal?
Dr. Williams: Yes it is, Gina. You’re going through a lot these days. Coping with cancer, feeling very tired, or being in pain can lower sexual desires. Try to be easy on yourself. It can help to talk with your husband about what you’re feeling. There are many ways to stay close during this time other than having sex. Holding, hugging, and cuddling are ways that help many people stay connected.
Kim: That’s true, Dr. Williams. My partner and I sit side by side when we watch TV. And sometimes we give each other backrubs. My question is about whether or not I need to use birth control during radiation therapy.
Dr. Williams: Yes, women who’ve not yet gone through menopause and who are having intercourse should talk with their doctor about birth control and ways to keep from getting pregnant.
It’s very important not to get pregnant during radiation therapy. The treatment can harm an unborn baby.
Cara: Dr. Williams, I am getting radiation to my pelvis, and it’s causing some changes in my vagina. It feels dry and itchy, and, frankly, sex hurts.
Dr. Williams: I’m sorry to hear that. This is a common side effect for women getting radiation to the pelvis. Many women are helped by products such as Replens, Astroglide, or K-Y liquid. These products help make the vagina moist. Your doctor may also suggest a gel or cream to stop an itchy, dry, or burning feeling.
In some cases, something called a dilator can also help. It stretches the vagina. Talk with your nurse to learn more about this product.
Cara: Dr. Williams, before I got cancer my husband and I were ready to start a family. Now I’m not so sure if that’s going to be possible. What can we do?
Dr. Williams: Cara, I’m glad you asked about that. First, it’s good to know that there are more fertility options these days than there used to be. It’s best to talk with your doctor before treatment starts if you’ll be receiving radiation therapy to the pelvis and would like to get pregnant after radiation therapy.
Your doctor can talk with you about things you can do now to plan for the future or refer you to a fertility specialist.
Any more questions?
Well, okay—it’s been a pleasure to talk with all of you. I’ll be staying around to answer any individual questions that you may have.
Narrator Summary: Remember—you may have less desire for sex during radiation therapy. Talk with your partner to find new ways to show affection and feel connected.
If you are having sex, make sure to use birth control since radiation therapy can harm an unborn baby.
And for women getting radiation to the pelvis there are 2 suggestions:
First, ask your nurse about products that can help make the vagina feel more comfortable or stretch the vagina.
Second, talk with your doctor before treatment if you are interested in having children after treatment. There are things you can do now to plan for the future.
Finally, be sure to talk with your health care team to learn more about how to manage and prepare for any changes in sexuality and fertility that may happen.
Talk with your doctor before you begin immunotherapy, so you know what side effects to expect, how to manage them, and when to seek urgent medical care.
Doctors and researchers are working to learn more about the best ways to prevent or manage inflammation-related side effects. Sometimes these side effects are managed with medicines, such as steroids, that work to slow down an overactive immune response. These side effects may be serious and even life-threatening. It’s important to talk with your health care team to know what signs and symptoms to expect, as well as when they may happen and what to do if they occur.
For people with an autoimmune disease it’s especially important to discuss this disease with your health care provider before starting treatment.
Side Effects in People Receiving Immunotherapy
This list of side effects can be a helpful reference as you learn more from your health care team about what to expect, based on the treatment you will be receiving.
Side effects are more common in these organs and systems:
Endocrine system: When hormone-producing glands are inflamed you may have some of the problems listed below. Your doctor will check your hormone levels regularly to detect and diagnose these problems.
Adrenal gland inflammation may cause fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, weight loss, and abdominal pain.
Thyroid gland inflammation can cause problems such as hypothyroidism (which may cause weakness, constipation, dry skin, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold) and hyperthyroidism (which may cause diarrhea, weight loss, sweating, sensitivity to heat, and, in rare cases, atrial fibrillation).
Pancreatic inflammation, called pancreatitis, may cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.
Musculoskeletalsystem: Inflamed joints and muscles may cause you to feel pain and weakness. Inflammation of the muscles is referred to as myositis. You may also have rheumatologic problems.
Respiratory system (lung problems): Inflammation in the lungs, called pneumonitis, can cause you to feel short of breath and have a bad cough.
Side effects are less common in these organs and systems:
Blood (hematologic problems): You may bleed or bruise easier, a condition called thrombocytopenia. Other blood-related problems include anemia and neutropenia.
Eyes: You may have vision changes and/or eye pain caused by inflammatory problems such as uveitis or episcleritis.
Heart inflammation, called myocarditis, may lower your blood pressure. In rare cases, it may lower your heart’s ability to pump blood, disrupt your heartbeat, and cause a heart attack.
Kidneyinflammation, called nephritis, may decrease the amount of urine you produce. You may see blood in your urine.
Liverinflammation, called hepatitis, may cause your skin and eyes to be yellowish. You may also have nausea or vomiting, stomach pain, fatigue, darker urine, and bleeding or bruising.
Nervous systeminflammation may cause your hands, feet, and sometimes your face to tingle and feel numb or weak. Inflammation to the brain, called encephalitis, may cause mild flu-like symptoms or more serious side effects, such as a sudden and high fever, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, and vomiting.
Be alert for changes and problems
It’s important to have any possible inflammatory problems assessed by your oncologist. Your oncologist may advise you to call him or her first about inflammatory symptoms, or you may be advised to seek emergency medical care.
Write down key information about your treatment and keep it handy, in case you need to share it with doctors in the emergency room. It’s important for other medical professionals to know you are receiving immunotherapy, so you’ll want to write down:
the drug name(s)
your doctor’s contact information
your hospital’s contact information
After talking with your health care team, make sure you have answers to these questions
What organ-related inflammatory side effects might I have, based on the type of immunotherapy I am receiving?
Should I try to manage any of these side effects at home?
What side effects should I call you about? Which side effects need urgent medical care? Where should I go to get urgent medical care?
When might these side effects start? How long might they last?
What type of medicine or therapy is used to treat side effects that I may have?
How long will it take to resolve any side effects?
How long after treatment might these side effects occur?
Nerve Problems (Peripheral Neuropathy) and Cancer Treatment
People with nerve problems caused by cancer treatment need to take care to prevent falls. Sometimes integrative medicine practices, advised by your doctor, can also help you to feel better.
Credit: iStock
Some cancer treatments cause peripheral neuropathy, a result of damage to the peripheral nerves. These nerves carry information from the brain to other parts of the body. Side effects depend on which peripheral nerves (sensory, motor, or autonomic) are affected.
Damage to sensory nerves (nerves that help you feel pain, heat, cold, and pressure) can cause:
tingling, numbness, or a pins-and-needles feeling in your feet and hands that may spread to your legs and arms
inability to feel a hot or cold sensation, such as a hot stove
inability to feel pain, such as from a cut or sore on your foot
Damage to motor nerves (nerves that help your muscles to move) can cause:
weak or achy muscles that may cause you to lose your balance, trip easily, or have difficulty buttoning shirts or opening jars
muscles that twitch and cramp or muscle wasting (if you don’t use your muscles regularly)
swallowing or breathing difficulties (if your chest or throat muscles are affected)
sexual problems; men may be unable to get an erection and women may not reach orgasm
sweating problems (either too much or too little sweating)
urination problems, such as leaking urine or difficulty emptying your bladder
If you start to notice any of the problems listed above, talk with your doctor or nurse. Getting these problems diagnosed and treated early is the best way to control them, prevent further damage, and to reduce pain and other complications.
Ways to prevent or manage problems related to nerve changes
You may be advised to take these steps:
Prevent falls. Have someone help you prevent falls around the house. Move rugs out of your path so you will not trip on them. Put rails on the walls and in the bathroom, so you can hold on to them and balance yourself. Put bathmats in the shower or tub. Wear sturdy shoes with soft soles. Get up slowly after sitting or lying down, especially if you feel dizzy.
Take extra care in the kitchen and shower. Use potholders in the kitchen to protect your hands from burns. Be careful when handling knives or sharp objects. Ask someone to check the water temperature, to make sure it’s not too hot.
Protect your hands and feet. Wear shoes, both inside and outside. Check your arms, legs, and feet for cuts or scratches every day. When it’s cold, wear warm clothes to protect your hands and feet.
Ask for help and slow down. Let people help you with difficult tasks. Slow down and give yourself more time to do things.
Ask about pain medicine and integrative medicine practices. You may be prescribed pain medicine. Sometimes practices such as acupuncture, massage, physical therapy, yoga, and others may also be advised to lower pain. Talk with your health care team to learn what is advised for you.
Talking with your health care team
Prepare for your visit by making a list of questions to ask. Consider adding these questions to your list:
What symptoms or problems might I have? Which ones should I call you about?
When will these problems start? How long might they last?
What medicine, treatments, and integrative medicine practices could help me to feel better?
What steps can I take to feel better? What precautions should I take to stay safe?
Could you refer me to a specialist who could give me additional advice?
Memory or Concentration Problems and Cancer Treatment
If treatment makes it hard to concentrate, talk with your nurse to get tips on how to keep track of important information.
Credit: iStock
Whether you have memory or concentration problems (sometimes described as a mental fog or chemo brain) depends on the type of treatment you receive, your age, and other health-related factors. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy may cause difficulty with thinking, concentrating, or remembering things. So can some types of radiation therapy to the brain and immunotherapy.
These cognitive problems may start during or after cancer treatment. Some people notice very small changes, such as a bit more difficulty remembering things, whereas others have much greater memory or concentration problems.
Your doctor will assess your symptoms and advise you about ways to manage or treat these problems. Treating conditions such as poor nutrition, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and insomnia may also help.
Ways to manage memory or concentration problems
It’s important for you or a family member to tell your health care team if you have difficulty remembering things, thinking, or concentrating. Here are some steps you can take to manage minor memory or concentration problems:
Plan your day. Do things that need the most concentration at the time of day when you feel best. Get extra rest and plenty of sleep at night. If you need to rest during the day, short naps of less than 1 hour are best. Long naps can make it more difficult to sleep at night. Keep a daily routine.
Exercise your body and mind. Exercise can help to decrease stress and help you to feel more alert. Exercise releases endorphins, also known as “feel-good chemicals,”which give people a feeling of well-being. Ask what light physical exercises may be helpful for you. Mind–body practices such as meditation or mental exercises such as puzzles or games also help some people.
Get help to remember things. Write down and keep a list handy of important information. Use a daily planner, recorder, or other electronic device to help you remember important activities. Make a list of important names and phone numbers. Keep it in one place so it’s easy to find.
Talking with your health care team about memory or concentration problems
It’s important for you or a family member to talk with your doctor or nurse about any memory or cognitive changes you may have. Prepare for your visit by making a list of questions to ask. Consider adding these questions to your list:
Am I at increased risk of cognitive problems based on the treatment I am receiving?
When might these problems start to occur? How long might they last?
Are there steps I can take to decrease these problems?
What symptoms or other problems should I, or a family member, call you about?
Could I meet with a social worker to get ideas about additional support and resources?
The lymph system helps the body fight infection and is made up of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and organs that collect and carry lymph fluid through the body. If cancer or cancer treatment disrupts the flow of lymph fluid or damages lymph nodes and vessels, lymph fluid may build up and cause lymphedema.
Lymphedema is swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid in the body between the skin and muscle. Lymph fluid is part of the lymph system, which plays a role in your body’s ability to fight infection and disease. If you have cancer, the cancer or cancer treatment can disrupt the flow of lymph fluid and cause lymphedema (also known as secondary lymphedema). Lymphedema may arise soon after cancer treatment, or it may develop years after treatment has ended. Most often, it develops slowly over months or years.
Although lymphedema cannot be prevented, there are ways to lower your risk or keep lymphedema from getting worse.
Once lymphedema develops, it is a chronic condition that cannot be cured but can be treated to relieve swelling and improve your ability to function day to day. Lymphedema is easier to control when treatment starts early, so contact your doctor as soon as you notice heaviness, swelling, or other signs of lymphedema.
What causes lymphedema?
Anything that blocks or changes the flow of lymph fluid in the body can cause lymphedema. Cancer and cancer treatments can cause lymphedema when:
cancer or a tumor blocks the flow of lymph fluid
surgery for cancer disrupts the flow of lymph fluid
radiation therapy causes scar tissue that blocks the flow of lymph fluid
Your risk for lymphedema depends on the type and location of your cancer and the treatments you have. Other risk factors for lymphedema include having an infection, healing slowly after surgery, having lymph nodes removed, past surgeries or radiation, having advanced cancer, and being overweight or having obesity. Talk with your doctor to learn about your risk of lymphedema.
Lymphedema and breast cancer
Treatment for breast cancer often involves surgery that removes one or more lymph nodes in the underarm area, increasing the risk of lymphedema. If you have been treated for breast cancer with radiation therapy or surgery, you may develop lymphedema in your hand, arm, or chest on the side of the body where lymph nodes were removed or damaged.
Lymphedema and other cancers
Lymphedema can occur anywhere in the body, but it most commonly affects an arm or leg. Some cancers—especially those that form in the abdomen or genital area—and their treatments are more likely than others to cause lymphedema because they are located near lymph nodes and vessels. Lymphoma, a cancer that affects white blood cells (part of the lymph system), can also cause lymphedema as white blood cells build up and block lymph flow.
The type of cancer you have can help predict where you may develop lymphedema.
People with head and neck cancer may develop swelling in the face, neck, or under the chin. You may also develop lymphedema inside your body, such as in your throat, in which case the lymphedema may not be visible.
Lymphedema can also develop after surgery for melanoma and sarcoma.
What are symptoms of lymphedema?
You may notice symptoms of lymphedema in an arm or leg or near where you had surgery or received radiation therapy. Signs and symptoms may develop slowly over time, so pay close attention to any slight changes. Contact your doctor if you notice any of these signs of lymphedema.
Signs and symptoms of lymphedema anywhere in the body
A heavy, full, or tight feeling in the area where you had surgery or radiation therapy.
Swelling. When you press on the swollen area, a dent may remain in the skin. However, as lymphedema gets worse, pressing on the swollen area may no longer leave a dent.
Numbness or tingling in the affected area. Discomfort will worsen as lymphedema progresses.
Discoloration and hardening of the skin in people with long-term, untreated lymphedema.
Signs and symptoms of lymphedema in the arms or legs
Lymphedema in your arm or leg may cause these additional signs and symptoms:
a heavy, full, or tight feeling in your arm, leg, fingers, or toes
swelling in an arm or leg that makes it appear larger than the other arm or leg
difficulty moving your arm or leg
weakness in your arm or leg
Signs and symptoms of lymphedema in the head or neck
Lymphedema in your head or neck may cause these additional signs and symptoms:
swelling and a tight, uncomfortable feeling in your face, neck, or under your chin
aching, tingling, pain, or numbness in your face, head, neck, shoulders, or ears
difficulty moving your head or neck
difficulty speaking, eating, swallowing, or breathing
voice, vision, or hearing changes
Signs and symptoms of lymphedema in the genitals or abdomen
Lymphedema in your genitals or abdomen may cause these additional signs and symptoms:
swelling in the genital area or abdomen
difficult or painful urination
pain during walking, sex, and other movements
Lymphedema and cellulitis
Cellulitis is a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection of the skin that is a common complication of lymphedema. People with lymphedema are at greater risk of cellulitis because skin in swollen areas is stretched thin, allowing easier entry of bacteria that thrive in fluid-rich areas of the body.
Some signs and symptoms of cellulitis are similar to those of lymphedema. Always check with your doctor about any skin changes or other symptoms you experience. Symptoms of cellulitis include:
pain, tenderness, redness, and swelling in the affected area
skin that feels warm to the touch in the swollen area
fever
If you have a fever or other signs of cellulitis, call your doctor right away. If left untreated, cellulitis can become life-threatening. Your doctor can prescribe antibiotics to treat cellulitis.
How is lymphedema diagnosed?
You should watch for lymphedema signs and symptoms, such as tightness or swelling in an arm or leg, during and after cancer treatment. If you alert your doctor to swelling or other changes you have noticed, your doctor will examine the swollen part of your body. If swelling is affecting an arm or leg, they will compare the size of your swollen arm or leg with that of the other limb.
You may also have one or more of the following tests to help your doctor better understand the cause of swelling and what is disrupting the flow of lymph fluid:
Ultrasound uses high-energy sound waves to examine how fluid, such as blood and lymph, is moving through the body. Doctors can use ultrasound to find a blood clot that might be the cause of swelling.
Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) uses a dye, magnet, radio waves, and computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Magnetic resonance lymphangiography (MRL) is like an MRI, but it makes pictures of the lymph system. Doctors can use MRI and MRL to identify what might be blocking the flow of lymph.
CT scan uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body from different angles. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to help the organs or tissues show up more clearly. This procedure is also called computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
Perometry and water displacement are noninvasive techniques used to estimate the volume of a limb in people at risk of lymphedema.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy is a noninvasive technique used to measure the amount of fluid in the body. It can help determine whether a person who does not have symptoms is in the beginning stages of lymphedema. This tool is sometimes used to help prevent lymphedema in people who are at risk.
Lymphedema stages
If you are diagnosed with lymphedema, your doctor will use a staging system to describe the severity of your lymphedema.
Stage 0: The flow of lymph in the body is not moving as it should. You may or may not have symptoms.
Stage I: The affected area is swollen and feels heavy. Pressing on the swollen area leaves a pit (dent) in the skin. Resting and elevating the limb can help reduce swelling at this stage.
Stage II: The affected area is more swollen and may feel firmer than the area around it. Pressing on the swollen area does not leave a pit. Resting and elevating the limb no longer reduces swelling.
Stage III: The affected area is extremely swollen and the skin feels hard and thick. You may also have decreased mobility and dry, blistered skin in the affected area.
How is lymphedema treated?
Treatments are available for managing the symptoms of lymphedema. Your health care team will talk with you about management techniques that can be done at home or under the supervision of a trained professional such as a nurse or a certified lymphedema therapist (CLT), a physical or occupational therapist trained to treat lymphedema. Treatments include:
Short stretch bandaging, compression wraps, leggings, or stockings
These can help move fluid around in your arms and legs to prevent it from building up. They may also be called compression garments. Your nurse or CLT will help you find garments that fit properly and will show you how to use them.
Manual lymphatic drainage
Manual lymphatic drainage, also called lymphatic drainage massage, involves gentle massage that helps move lymph fluid through the body. Lymphatic drainage is part of a treatment called complete decongestive therapy, which is managed by a CLT. Complete decongestive therapy may also include bandaging, exercises, and skin care to manage symptoms.
Compression pump
This is a device connected to a compression sleeve or sock that applies pressure intermittently to the arm or leg. The pumping action may help keep lymph fluid moving, preventing buildup in the limbs.
Surgery and other treatments
If lymphedema is advanced, your doctor may recommend surgery or another medical treatment.
Lymphovenous bypass (also called lymphaticovenous anastomosis) is surgery that connects lymph vessels to a vein, creating a new path for lymph fluid to travel in the body.
Lymphovenous transplant (also called vascularized lymph node transfer) is surgery that replaces damaged lymph nodes with healthy lymph nodes from elsewhere in a person’s body, helping improve lymph flow.
Liposuction removes extra fat in the affected part of the body and may improve lymphedema symptoms.
Laser therapy uses light to stimulate new growth of lymphatic vessels, improve the flow of lymph fluid, and help repair skin affected by lymphedema.
Can I prevent lymphedema?
Although there is no way to prevent lymphedema, there are things you can do to lower your risk or keep it from getting worse. Your health care team may suggest the following things you can do at home:
Protect your skin to prevent infection. Wear gloves when cooking and gardening to protect your hands from injury. Use lotion to prevent dry skin and cracks where bacteria can enter. If you get a burn or cut, ask your doctor about an antibacterial ointment to use. Always call your doctor if you notice redness or other signs of infection.
Wear compression garments daily when you are up and moving around and at night as advised by your CLT.
Learn manual lymph drainage techniques from your CLT that you can do at home.
Exercise. Exercise is a natural pump for the lymph system. It can improve the flow of lymph fluid and keep the heart healthy, which may help treat lymphedema. Exercising may also help lower your risk of lymphedema. Talk with your doctor to find an exercise program that you enjoy and that is safe for you.
Elevate the affected area when possible. If you have lymphedema in your arm, try to keep it raised above the level of your heart when sitting or resting. If you have lymphedema in your leg, elevate it while lying down by resting it on a pillow or rolled-up blankets.
Stay at or get to a healthy weight. Being at a healthy weight can keep lymphedema under control.
Avoid putting pressure on the affected area. Wear loose jewelry and clothes without tight bands or elastic. Avoid carrying handbags or other items with an affected arm. Blood pressure and blood draws should be taken using the arm without lymphedema.
Avoid extreme heat and sun. High temperatures can make lymphedema worse. Use sunscreen and wear sun protection like hats and lightweight, long-sleeved shirts when spending time in the sun.
Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water will help keep lymph fluid moving through the body.
Reduce salt in your diet. Salt can make swelling worse by causing your body to retain fluid.
Talking with your doctor about lymphedema
As you prepare for a visit with your doctor, nurse, or social worker, consider making a list of questions to ask and adding these questions about lymphedema:
Does my type of cancer or treatment put me at risk of developing lymphedema?
What changes should I look for? Which ones should I call you about?
If I am at risk of developing lymphedema, are there things I can do to prevent it from starting or worsening?
How long after my cancer treatment might symptoms of lymphedema occur? Will I be monitored for early symptoms?
What steps can I take to lower my risk for lymphedema?
Are there special garments I should wear during the day or night to prevent or treat lymphedema?
If I am diagnosed with lymphedema, is there a certified lymphedema therapist I could meet with?
Coping with lymphedema
The physical changes that result from lymphedema can affect your well-being. You may not be able to do the activities you once enjoyed or find clothes that fit properly. You may feel uncomfortable with the way you look and isolated from those around you. Working with a CLT is often the best way to manage and cope with lymphedema.
For family members and friends who are caring for someone with cancer, you may find these suggestions for caregivers to be helpful.
Lymphedema research
Research is ongoing to discover new ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat lymphedema. Research studies called clinical trials help advance knowledge about lymphedema and other side effects of cancer and cancer treatment. Learn more at Clinical Trials Information for Patients and Caregivers.
Advances in cancer surgery and treatments are helping reduce the chances of lymphedema in people with cancer. For example, sentinel lymph node biopsy allows doctors to remove fewer lymph nodes when checking if the cancer has spread, decreasing the risk of lymphedema.
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