Author: RR

First Oral Triplet Combination – NINLARO®, REVLIMID® and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma

RR

SUMMARY: Multiple Myeloma is a clonal disorder of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the American Cancer Society estimates that in the United States, about 30,330 new cases will be diagnosed in 2016 and 12,650 patients will die of the disease. Proteasomes are enzymes found in cells and they enable the breakdown of abnormal or mutant proteins. The amino acids from these proteins are recycled to make new proteins. Myeloma cells depend on the proteasomes to facilitate this metabolic function, to regulate their growth and survival. NINLARO® (Ixazomib) unlike VELCADE® (Bortezomib) is a second generation, oral, proteasome inhibitor, which disrupts protein metabolism in Myeloma cells, by inhibiting proteasomes and has an antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effect.

The approval of NINLARO® was based a pivotal, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial (TOURMALINE-MM1 study), in which 722 patients with Multiple Myeloma were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a combination of NINLARO®, REVLIMID® and Dexamethasone (N=360) or a combination of Placebo, REVLIMID® and Dexamethasone (n=362). NINLARO® was administered at 4 mg PO on days 1, 8, and 15 in combination with REVLIMID® 25 mg PO on days 1 thru 21 and Dexamethasone 40 mg PO on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 of a 28 day treatment cycle. Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Enrolled patients had received 1 to 3 prior lines of therapy, which included VELCADE® (69%), THALOMID® (45%), and REVLIMID® (12%) and 77% of the patients had relapsed Multiple Myeloma. The median age of patients was 66 years. The primary end point of the study was Progression Free survival (PFS) and secondary endpoints included Objective Response Rate (ORR), safety, and Overall Survival.

At a median follow-up of 14.7 months, the PFS with the combination of NINLARO®, REVLIMID® and Dexamethasone was 20.6 months compared with 14.7 months for the combination group of Placebo, REVLIMID® and Dexamethasone (HR= 0.74, P=0.01). This benefit in the NINLARO® group, was noted in all prespecified patient subgroups, including those with high risk cytogenetic abnormalities. The Objective Response Rate was 78% in the NINLARO® group and 72% in the placebo group, and the Complete Response plus Very Good Partial Response in these two treatment groups were 48% and 39% respectively. The median time to response was 1.1 months in the NINLARO® group and 1.9 months in the placebo group and the median duration of response was 20.5 months and 15.0 months respectively. At a median follow up of 23 months, the Overall Survival has not been reached in either study group. Serious adverse events (at least grade 3) were similar in the two study groups (47% in the NINLARO® group and 49% in the placebo group). Patients in the NINLARO® group experienced more adverse events such as thrombocytopenia, vomiting, diarrhea, peripheral neuropathy and skin rash. However, patient-reported Quality of Life was similar in both treatment groups.

The authors concluded that NINLARO® based oral triplet therapy significantly prolonged Progression Free Survival compared with REVLIMID® and Dexamethasone, in patients with relapsed/refractory Multiple Myeloma, with acceptable toxicities. Studies are underway, evaluating NINLARO® in newly diagnosed Myeloma patients as well as maintenance therapy in non-transplant patients. Oral Ixazomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma. Moreau P, Masszi T, Grzasko N, et al. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1621-1634

Recurrent VTE in Cancer Patients Treated with XARELTO®

RR

SUMMARY: The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that approximately 1-2 per 1000 individuals develop Deep Vein Thrombosis/Pulmonary Embolism (PE) each year in the United States, resulting in 60,000 – 100,000 deaths. Venous ThromboEmbolism (VTE) is the third leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. Patients with unprovoked DVT and PE are two to four times more likely to be diagnosed with cancer within the following 12 months compared to the general population. In patients with cancer associated thrombosis, COUMADIN® (Warfarin) and XARELTO® (Rivaroxaban) are often prescribed, despite guidelines recommending Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) in this patient population.

Recently published data suggests that the rates of major bleeding, with use of XARELTO® in a highly selected group of cancer patients with venous thromboembolic disease, compared favorably with those treated with LMWH. (Mantha S, et al. 2015 ASH Annual Meeting). There is however limited data comparing the efficacy of different anticoagulants for VTE treatment in cancer patients.

The authors conducted this study in cancer patients, to compare the VTE recurrence rates, following most frequently prescribed anticoagulants in the United States. Newly diagnosed cancer patients with a first VTE, who initiated LMWH, COUMADIN® or XARELTO®, were selected using healthcare claims from the Humana database. The study population included 2,428 patients (XARELTO®: N=707; LMWH: N=660; COUMADIN® N =1,061). VTE recurrences were defined as hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of VTE. Outpatients with a primary diagnosis of VTE were added as a sensitivity analysis to the recurrence definition.

The median duration on initial LMWH treatment was 1 month, on COUMADIN® was 3.5 months and on XARELTO® was 3 months. When compared to LMWH, VTE recurrence rates were lower with initial XARELTO® treatment at 6 months (13.2% versus 17.1%; P=0.06) and at 12 months (16.5% versus 22.2%; P=0.03). When initially treated with XARELTO®, recurrent VTE was 28% less likely than with LMWH (HR=0.72; P<0.03).

When compared to COUMADIN®, VTE recurrence rates were again lower with initial XARELTO® treatment at 6 months (13.2% versus 17.5%; P=0.02) and at 12 months (15.7% versus 19.9%; P=0.02). When initially treated with XARELTO®, recurrent VTE was 26% less likely than with COUMADIN® (HR=0.74; P<0.03). This benefit with XARELTO® when compared with LMWH and COUMADIN® users, was also noted in the sensitivity analysis.

The authors concluded that based on this real world healthcare claims data in cancer patients, XARELTO® was associated with a lower risk of recurrent VTE than LMWH or COUMADIN® and this could be a reflection of a shorter duration of treatment with LMWH and difficult therapeutic anticoagulation with COUMADIN®. Recurrent VTE in cancer patients treated with anticoagulation. Streiff MB, Milentijevic D, McCrae K, et al. J Clin Oncol 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr 10024)

Daily Aspirin May Improve Survival after Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

RR

SUMMARY: ColoRectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States. The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 135,000 new cases of ColoRectal Cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2016 and over 49,000 patients are expected to die of the disease. Several epidemiological studies as well as randomized controlled trials have shown that Aspirin and NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the incidence of ColoRectal Cancer (CRC) and CRC associated mortality. Nonetheless, use of aspirin for the primary prevention of CRC, is not routinely recommended, for the fear of aspirin-induced gastric and cerebral hemorrhages. Even though the benefits of Aspirin in the primary prevention of CRC remains well established, the role of Aspirin in secondary prevention in patients with CRC (after the diagnosis of CRC) is unclear. Platelets have long been implicated in the mechanism of tumor metastases. More recent data suggests that platelets may play a role in tumorigenesis as well, through the release of angiogenic and growth factors due to overexpression of COX-2. Daily low dose Aspirin inhibits COX-1 and COX-2. It is postulated that Aspirin also works by COX-independent mechanisms such as, the inhibition of NF-kB and Wnt/ β-catenin signaling, which may play a role in its chemopreventive properties.

The authors conducted this trial to evaluate the association between Aspirin use after diagnosis of CRC and CRC-Specific Survival (CSS) and Overall Survival (OS), in the largest group of patients ever studied. The study authors in this retrospective, population-based study identified 24,495 patients in the Cancer Registry of Norway, diagnosed with ColoRectal Cancer from 2004 through 2011 and a total of 23,162 patients diagnosed with CRC were included. Using the Norwegian Prescription Database, the authors were then able to establish that 6,102 patients in this large cohort had documented exposure to Aspirin. Exposure to Aspirin was defined as a prescription for more than 6 months of Aspirin, following a diagnosis of CRC. The median follow up was 3 years.

The authors performed a multivariate regression analysis controlling for age, gender, tumor stage, tumor differentiation and noted that exposure to Aspirin post-diagnosis, independently improved ColoRectal Cancer-Specific Survival (HR=0.85; P<0.001) and Overall Survival (HR=0.95; P<0.076). Patients who used Aspirin both before and after diagnosis of CRC had additional improvement in ColoRectal Cancer-Specific Survival (HR= 0.77; P<0.001) and Overall Survival (HR=0.86; P<0.001). Further, patients with poorly and moderately differentiated tumors experienced the greatest benefits of Aspirin exposure, as well as those with stage II disease. The researchers were also able to demonstrate that Aspirin use was most beneficial in the first 2 to 3 years after diagnosis.

It was concluded that Aspirin use after the diagnosis of ColoRectal Cancer, is independently associated with improved Colorectal Cancer-Specific Survival and Overall Survival. Because of the increased risk for bleeding, the risk-benefit should be assessed before Aspirin is routinely recommended to this patient population. Aspirin as Secondary Prevention in Patients With Colorectal Cancer: An Unselected Population-Based Study. Bains SJ, Mahic M, Myklebust TA, et al. Published online before print May 31, 2016, doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.65.3519JCO May 31, 2016 JCO653519

Late Breaking Abstract – ASCO 2016 Extended Adjuvant AI Therapy Improves DFS in Postmenopausal Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer

RR

SUMMARY: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the US and about 1 in 8 women (12%) will develop invasive breast cancer during their lifetime. Approximately, 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in 2016 and 40,450 women will die of the disease. Approximately 75% of patients with breast cancer are hormone receptor positive (Estrogen Receptor/Progesterone Receptor positive) and this is a predictor of response to endocrine therapy. These patients are often treated with anti-estrogen therapy as first line treatment. In premenopausal woman, the ovary is the main source of estrogen production, whereas in postmenopausal women, the primary source of estrogen is the Aromatase enzyme mediated conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and estradiol, in extragonadal/peripheral tissues. NOLVADEX® (Tamoxifen) is a nonsteroidal Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) and works mainly by binding to the Estrogen Receptor and thus blocks the proliferative actions of estrogen on the mammary tissue. ARIMIDEX® (Anastrozole), FEMARA® (Letrozole) and AROMASIN® (Exemestane) are Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs) that binds to the Aromatase enzyme and inhibit the conversion of androgens to estrogens in the extra-gonadal tissues. Postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer are often treated with 5 years of Aromatase Inhibitor (AI) therapy either as up-front treatment or after 2-5 years of Tamoxifen. The benefit of extending treatment with an AI to 10 years may further reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence, but this benefit was not previously known.

The Canadian Cancer Trials Group MA.17R is a double blind, placebo controlled, phase III trial, which tested the benefit of extending AI treatment, using FEMARA®, for an additional 5 years. This study involved 1,918 postmenopausal women with early stage breast cancer and included three patient groups – one group had no prior treatment with adjuvant Tamoxifen whereas the other two groups had adjuvant Tamoxifen for some duration of time. All patients however had recently received 4.5 to 6 years of adjuvant AI therapy. These patients were then randomly assigned to receive either extended adjuvant treatment with FEMARA® or placebo for an additional five years. The primary endpoint was Disease Free Survival (DFS).

After a median follow up of 6.3 years, the 5 year DFS rate for the extended FEMARA® group was 95% compared with 91% for the placebo group (HR=0.66; P=0.01). The improvement in DFS was significant among patients with node-positive disease, but not for those with node-negative disease. There was no difference in the 5 year Overall Survival between the two groups – 93% with FEMARA® versus 94% with placebo (HR 0.97; P=NS). The annual incidence rate of contralateral breast cancer was however significantly better in the FEMARA® group at 0.21%, compared with 0.49% with placebo (HR=0.42; P=0.007). Patients receiving extended treatment with FEMARA® had more frequent adverse events such as bone pain, elevation of alkaline phosphatase, and elevation of alanine transaminase. There was also a greater incidence of osteoporosis with FEMARA® than with placebo (11% vs 6%; P<0.0001) and fracture risk was higher in the FEMARA® group (14%) compared with 9% in the placebo group (P=0.001).

The authors concluded that this is the first study to show added benefit of improved Disease Free Survival, by extending an adjuvant AI beyond 5 years to 10 years, when compared with 5 years of AI treatment as initial therapy or preceded by 2-5 years of Tamoxifen. A randomized trial (MA.17R) of extending adjuvant letrozole for 5 years after completing an initial 5 years of aromatase inhibitor therapy alone or preceded by tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer. Goss PE, Ingle JN, Pritchard KI, et al. J Clin Oncol 34, 2016 (suppl; abstr LBA1)

PORTRAZZA® (Necitumumab)

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The FDA on November 24, 2015 granted approval to PORTRAZZA® in combination with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin for first-line treatment of patients with metastatic squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). PORTRAZZA® is not indicated for treatment of non-squamous NSCLC and is a product of Eli Lilly and Company.

OPDIVO® (Nivolumab)

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The FDA on November 23, 2015 approved OPDIVO® Injection, for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, in patients who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy. OPDIVO® is a product of Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.

NINLARO® (Ixazomib)

RR

The FDA on November 20, 2015 approved NINLARO® in combination with Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy. NINLARO® is the first approved oral proteasome inhibitor and is a product of Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited.

DARZALEX® (Daratumumab)

RR

The FDA on November 16, 2015 granted accelerated approval to DARZALEX®, administered as a single agent, for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least three prior lines of therapy, including a Proteasome Inhibitor (PI) and an immunomodulatory agent, or who are double-refractory to a PI and an immunomodulatory agent. DARZALEX® is a product of Janssen Biotech, Inc.

TAGRISSO® (Osimertinib)

RR

The FDA on November 13, 2015 granted accelerated approval to TAGRISSO® once daily tablets, for the treatment of patients with metastatic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation-positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), as detected by an FDA-approved test, who have progressed on or after EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) therapy. TAGRISSO® is a product of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.